{"id":1043,"date":"2026-07-17T08:31:24","date_gmt":"2026-07-17T08:31:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sites.exeter.ac.uk\/amazon-forest-to-field\/2026\/07\/17\/lorena-fleury-msc-secondary-forest-fertilization-legacy\/"},"modified":"2026-07-17T13:18:20","modified_gmt":"2026-07-17T13:18:20","slug":"lorena-fleury-msc-secondary-forest-fertilization-legacy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sites.exeter.ac.uk\/amazon-forest-to-field\/2026\/07\/17\/lorena-fleury-msc-secondary-forest-fertilization-legacy\/","title":{"rendered":"MSc completed: Lorena de Souza Fleury traces a 25-year legacy of soil fertilisation in Amazonian secondary forests"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Lorena de Souza Fleury has completed her MSc at the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gov.br\/inpa\/pt-br\">Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amaz\u00f4nia (INPA)<\/a> in Manaus, examining what happens to carbon in Amazonian secondary forests two and a half decades after they were fertilised. Her thesis, <em>\u201cLegado da fertiliza\u00e7\u00e3o do solo sobre a biomassa a\u00e9rea e a mat\u00e9ria org\u00e2nica do solo em florestas secund\u00e1rias na Amaz\u00f4nia Central\u201d<\/em> (The legacy of soil fertilisation on aboveground biomass and soil organic matter in secondary forests in Central Amazonia), was supervised by Prof. Ted Feldpausch (University of Exeter) and Dr Wanderlei Bieluczyk (<a href=\"http:\/\/www.cena.usp.br\/\">CENA<\/a>, University of S\u00e3o Paulo).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The work was carried out as part of the <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.exeter.ac.uk\/amazon-pyrocarbon\/\">Amazon PyroCarbon Project<\/a>, coordinated by Prof. Feldpausch and Prof. Pl\u00ednio Camargo (CENA, University of S\u00e3o Paulo). Lorena&#8217;s fieldwork focused on how vegetation and soil carbon storage change as forest regrows on abandoned pasture, working across three secondary forest sites strung along the BR-174 highway north of Manaus, Amazonas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"1600\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.exeter.ac.uk\/amazon-forest-to-field\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/743\/2026\/07\/Lorena__Manaus_Secondary-forest_3.jpeg\" alt=\"Lorena de Souza Fleury studying soil and forest understory micrometeorological conditions and changes in carbon storage in the field, one of the long-term secondary forest plots north of Manaus.\" class=\"wp-image-1053\" style=\"width:760px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.exeter.ac.uk\/amazon-forest-to-field\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/743\/2026\/07\/Lorena__Manaus_Secondary-forest_3.jpeg 1200w, https:\/\/sites.exeter.ac.uk\/amazon-forest-to-field\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/743\/2026\/07\/Lorena__Manaus_Secondary-forest_3-225x300.jpeg 225w, https:\/\/sites.exeter.ac.uk\/amazon-forest-to-field\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/743\/2026\/07\/Lorena__Manaus_Secondary-forest_3-768x1024.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/sites.exeter.ac.uk\/amazon-forest-to-field\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/743\/2026\/07\/Lorena__Manaus_Secondary-forest_3-1152x1536.jpeg 1152w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Lorena de Souza Fleury studying soil and forest understory micrometeorological conditions and changes in carbon storage in the field, one of the long-term secondary forest plots north of Manaus.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The three forests sit at different points in their recovery from cattle pasture: one younger stand of about 27 years (Fazenda Rod\u00e3o) and two older stands of about 37 years (Fazenda Dimona and the Embrapa Amaz\u00f4nia Ocidental experimental station). All three were fertilised in November 2000, in an experiment originally established by Feldpausch and colleagues, with plots receiving phosphorus, phosphorus plus lime, phosphorus plus lime and gypsum, or no treatment at all. The aim of the original fertilisation study was to assess nutrient limitations to forest regrowth and post-pasture restoration on the degraded and nutrient-deficient soils of central Amazonia. Lorena combined five rounds of tree inventories spanning 2001 to 2025 with fresh soil sampling to a depth of 1 metre in 2025 under the Amazon PyroCarbon Project, comparing her results against the original 2000 baseline.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Twenty-five years on, forest age, not fertiliser, turned out to be what mattered most. Fertilisation gave the smallest trees an early growth boost in the first few years, but left no lasting mark on total forest carbon after two and a half decades, where the trajectory of natural succession overtook it. Carbon in the trees built up steadily and predictably over time, at 1.35 to 2.50 Mg of carbon per hectare per year depending on the site, with the older forests holding 68\u201374 Mg C ha\u207b\u00b9 aboveground by year 37, compared with 32 Mg C ha\u207b\u00b9 in the younger, 27-year-old stand.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The bigger story was underground. Soil carbon, measured to a depth of 1 metre, consistently outweighed the carbon held in the trees (accounting for 60\u201375% of the total carbon stored across these ecosystems), a pool that standard forest-carbon monitoring often overlooks entirely. The two older forests had gained soil carbon since 2000, by 10\u201326 Mg ha\u207b\u00b9, while the youngest forest had lost soil carbon on balance over the same period, a reminder that recovery after pasture is not guaranteed and depends on how far along the forest already is. Combining both pools, total ecosystem carbon ranged from 112 Mg C ha\u207b\u00b9 in the youngest forest up to 193 Mg C ha\u207b\u00b9 in the oldest, approaching values reported for degraded primary forest.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The findings make the case for counting soil carbon in Amazon restoration and climate policy, not just the trees, and for protecting older secondary forests specifically: after enough time, their carbon stocks start to rival those of degraded primary forest, making them a valuable and often underappreciated part of the landscape.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For the <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.exeter.ac.uk\/amazon-forest-to-field\/\">Amazon Forest to Field<\/a> project, Lorena&#8217;s work is more than a completed study on its own &#8212; it also helps establish a baseline. Her results describe how much carbon is stored in vegetation and soil in secondary forests <em>before<\/em> any conversion to pasture or annual cropland, a reference point against which future carbon losses can be measured. Amazon Forest to Field, a new project coordinated by Prof. Feldpausch and Prof. Pl&#237;nio Camargo, will build on this baseline to study what happens to that carbon once secondary forests like these are cleared for pasture and annual crops.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"886\" height=\"499\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.exeter.ac.uk\/amazon-forest-to-field\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/743\/2026\/07\/lorena-fleury-msc-defense.jpg\" alt=\"Lorena de Souza Fleury presenting her MSc defence remotely to the examining committee at INPA, Manaus\" class=\"wp-image-1041\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.exeter.ac.uk\/amazon-forest-to-field\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/743\/2026\/07\/lorena-fleury-msc-defense.jpg 886w, https:\/\/sites.exeter.ac.uk\/amazon-forest-to-field\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/743\/2026\/07\/lorena-fleury-msc-defense-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/sites.exeter.ac.uk\/amazon-forest-to-field\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/743\/2026\/07\/lorena-fleury-msc-defense-768x433.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 886px) 100vw, 886px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Lorena presenting her findings to the examining committee at her MSc defence, INPA, Manaus.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Lorena&#8217;s research drew on long-term experimental plots established by Feldpausch and colleagues in 2000 under the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/data\/projects\/lba-eco\">NASA Large-Scale Biosphere Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia<\/a>, with fieldwork support from the Projeto Din\u00e2mica Biol\u00f3gica de Fragmentos Florestais (PDBFF) and Embrapa Amaz\u00f4nia Ocidental, soil isotope analysis carried out at the Laborat\u00f3rio de Ecologia Isot\u00f3pica (CENA\/USP), and a CNPq scholarship. She will continue to study forest carbon, composition, and microclimate. Congratulations to Lorena on completing her MSc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Fleury, L.S., Feldpausch, T.R., Bieluczyk, W. (2026). Legado da fertiliza\u00e7\u00e3o do solo sobre a biomassa a\u00e9rea e a mat\u00e9ria org\u00e2nica do solo em florestas secund\u00e1rias na Amaz\u00f4nia Central. MSc dissertation, INPA. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.61818\/ted26055\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.61818\/ted26055<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Lorena de Souza Fleury&#8217;s MSc at INPA establishes a carbon baseline in Amazonian secondary forests before conversion to farmland, work that will feed into the new Amazon Forest to Field project.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":999,"featured_media":1039,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[3,7],"tags":[33,29,31,25,27],"class_list":["post-1043","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-amazon-forest","category-amazon-pyrocarbon-project-launched","tag-baseline-data","tag-fertilisation","tag-inpa","tag-secondary-forest","tag-soil-carbon"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v23.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>MSc Baseline Data for Amazon Forest to Field 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