{"id":505,"date":"2018-09-25T14:41:42","date_gmt":"2018-09-25T13:41:42","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blogs.exeter.ac.uk\/exetermarine\/?p=505"},"modified":"2018-09-25T14:41:42","modified_gmt":"2018-09-25T13:41:42","slug":"its-stressful-being-a-coral-declining-coral-cover-on-the-great-barrier-reef","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sites.exeter.ac.uk\/exetermarine\/2018\/09\/25\/its-stressful-being-a-coral-declining-coral-cover-on-the-great-barrier-reef\/","title":{"rendered":"It&#8217;s Stressful Being a Coral! Declining Coral Cover on the Great Barrier Reef"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Author: Jennifer McWhorter<\/p>\n<p>Jennifer McWhorter is pursuing her PhD in a joint program between the Universities of Exeter and Queensland. Using various climate and ecological modelling techniques, Jen hopes to improve our spatial knowledge of coral reef stressors.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_563\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-563\" style=\"width: 475px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-563 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.exeter.ac.uk\/exetermarine\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/203\/2018\/09\/Figure-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"475\" height=\"380\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.exeter.ac.uk\/exetermarine\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/203\/2018\/09\/Figure-1.jpg 475w, https:\/\/sites.exeter.ac.uk\/exetermarine\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/203\/2018\/09\/Figure-1-300x240.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 475px) 100vw, 475px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-563\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">The above diagram describes the process of coral bleaching followed by mortality. Source: Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority (GBRMPA)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Similar to humans experiencing a fever, coral reefs undergo similar stress. The more frequent the fever and the longer the fever lasts, the more life threatening it becomes. Sea surface temperatures in the ocean are increasing at an alarming rate due to human inputs of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere (Ekwurzel et al., 2017). In 2016\/2017, the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) experienced two back-to-back severe warming events that caused <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/back-to-back-bleaching-has-now-hit-two-thirds-of-the-great-barrier-reef-76092\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">widespread coral bleaching<\/a>[1]<a href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\"><\/a>. According to the Australia Institute of Marine Science, hard coral cover on the GBR has declined at a rate <a href=\"https:\/\/www.coralcoe.org.au\/media-releases\/two-thirds-of-great-barrier-reef-hit-by-back-to-back-mass-coral-bleaching\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">that has never been recorded<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_506\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-506\" style=\"width: 648px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-506 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.exeter.ac.uk\/exetermarine\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/203\/2018\/09\/Fig-1-1024x634.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"648\" height=\"401\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.exeter.ac.uk\/exetermarine\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/203\/2018\/09\/Fig-1-1024x634.png 1024w, https:\/\/sites.exeter.ac.uk\/exetermarine\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/203\/2018\/09\/Fig-1-300x186.png 300w, https:\/\/sites.exeter.ac.uk\/exetermarine\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/203\/2018\/09\/Fig-1-768x476.png 768w, https:\/\/sites.exeter.ac.uk\/exetermarine\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/203\/2018\/09\/Fig-1.png 1056w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 648px) 100vw, 648px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-506\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 2. \u201cLarge-scale spatial patterns in change in coral cover and in heat exposure on the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. A, Change in coral cover between March and November 2016. b, Heat exposure, measured in DHW (in degree C-weeks) in the summer of 2016. Map template is provided by Geoscience Australia (Commonwealth of Australia (Geoscience Australia) 2018).\u201d Source: Hughes, T. P., et al., 2018<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>In addition to coral bleaching, cyclones and crown-of-thorns sea star outbreaks have been the main cause of decline in coral cover on the GBR within the past four years. The northern area of the GBR is expected to have lost about half of its\u2019 coral cover. This estimate reflects the impacts of two episodes of severe coral bleaching from 2014-2017 and two cyclones.\u00a0 The central reef has experienced a decline in coral cover from 22% in 2016 to 14% in 2018 due to coral bleaching and the ongoing southward spread of the crown-of-thorns sea star. Even though the southern portion of the GBR was not exposed to the 2016\/2017 warming events, coral cover has dropped from 33% in 2017 to 25% in 2018. On the southern reefs, the crown-of-thorns sea star outbreaks appear to be the main cause for <a href=\"https:\/\/www.coralcoe.org.au\/media-releases\/two-thirds-of-great-barrier-reef-hit-by-back-to-back-mass-coral-bleaching\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the most recent decline.<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_564\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-564\" style=\"width: 640px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-564 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.exeter.ac.uk\/exetermarine\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/203\/2018\/09\/Fig-3.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"504\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.exeter.ac.uk\/exetermarine\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/203\/2018\/09\/Fig-3.jpg 640w, https:\/\/sites.exeter.ac.uk\/exetermarine\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/203\/2018\/09\/Fig-3-300x236.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-564\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">During my last trip to Australia, I assisted in injecting vinegar into the crown-of-thorns sea stars at Lodestone Reef on the GBR. The vinegar kills the sea star within 24 hours potentially reducing their threat to hard, or stony corals. Photo Credit: Chris Jones<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u201cClearly the reef is struggling with multiple impacts,\u201d says Prof. Terry Hughes, Director of the ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies. \u201cWithout a doubt the most pressing of these is global warming. As temperatures continue to rise the corals will experience more and more of these events: 1\u00b0C of warming so far has already caused <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aims.gov.au\/reef-monitoring\/gbr-condition-summary-2017-2018\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">four events in the past 19 year<\/a>s.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u201cUltimately, we need to cut carbon emissions, and the window to do so is <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aims.gov.au\/reef-monitoring\/gbr-condition-summary-2017-2018\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">rapidly closing<\/a>.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">&#8212;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>[1] Coral bleaching &#8211; <em>Coral bleaching<\/em>\u00a0occurs when the relationship between the\u00a0<em>coral<\/em>\u00a0host and zooxanthellae (photosynthetic algae, <a href=\"https:\/\/oceanservice.noaa.gov\/education\/kits\/corals\/coral02_zooxanthellae.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NOAA<\/a>), which give <em>coral<\/em>\u00a0much of their colour, breaks down. Without the zooxanthellae, the tissue of the\u00a0<em>coral<\/em>\u00a0animal appears transparent and the\u00a0<em>coral&#8217;s<\/em>\u00a0bright white skeleton is revealed.\u00a0<em>Corals<\/em>\u00a0begin to starve once they <em>bleach<\/em>. (<a href=\"http:\/\/www.gbrmpa.gov.au\/managing-the-reef\/threats-to-the-reef\/climate-change\/what-does-this-mean-for-species\/corals\/what-is-coral-bleaching\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">GBRMPA<\/a>)<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Additional Resources:<\/p>\n<p>Ekwurzel, B., Boneham, J., Dalton, M. W., Heede, R., Mera, R. J., Allen, M. R., &amp; Frumhoff, P. C. (2017). The rise in global atmospheric CO2, surface temperature, and sea level from emissions traced to major carbon producers.\u00a0<em>Climatic Change<\/em>,\u00a0<em>144<\/em>(4), 579-590.<\/p>\n<p>Hughes, T.P. &amp; Kerry, J.T. Back-to-back bleaching has now hit two-thirds of the Great Barrier Reef. <em>The Conversation <\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/back-to-back-bleaching-has-now-hit-two-thirds-of-the-great-barrier-reef-76092\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/theconversation.com\/back-to-back-bleaching-has-now-hit-two-thirds-of-the-great-barrier-reef-76092<\/a> (2017)<\/p>\n<p>Hughes, T. P., Kerry, J. T., Baird, A. H., Connolly, S. R., Dietzel, A., Eakin, C. M., &#8230; &amp; McWilliam, M. J. (2018). Global warming transforms coral reef assemblages.\u00a0<em>Nature<\/em>,\u00a0<em>556<\/em>(7702), 492.<\/p>\n<p>Media Release: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.coralcoe.org.au\/media-releases\/two-thirds-of-great-barrier-reef-hit-by-back-to-back-mass-coral-bleaching\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Two Thirds of the Great Barrier Reef hit by back-to-back mass coral bleaching<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.aims.gov.au\/reef-monitoring\/gbr-condition-summary-2017-2018\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Long-term Reef Monitoring Program \u2013 Annual Summary Report on coral reef condition for 2017\/2018<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong><em>#ExeterMarine<\/em><\/strong><em> is an interdisciplinary group of marine related researchers with capabilities across the scientific, medical, engineering, humanities and social science fields. <strong>If you are interested in working with our researchers or students, contact <\/strong><\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.exeter.ac.uk\/iib\/contacts\/fullstafflist\/profile\/index.php?web_id=Michael_Hanley\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong><em>Michael Hanley<\/em><\/strong><\/a><strong><em>\u00a0or <\/em><\/strong><a href=\"http:\/\/www.exeter.ac.uk\/research\/marine\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong><em>visit our website<\/em><\/strong><\/a><strong><em>!<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Author: Jennifer McWhorter Jennifer McWhorter is pursuing her PhD in a joint program between the Universities of Exeter and Queensland. Using various climate and ecological [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":771,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[5,7,11],"tags":[49,61,85,153,155,179,183,207,231,261,307,411,425,431,501,581],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v23.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>It&#039;s Stressful Being a Coral! Declining Coral Cover on the Great Barrier Reef - Exeter Marine<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/sites.exeter.ac.uk\/exetermarine\/2018\/09\/25\/its-stressful-being-a-coral-declining-coral-cover-on-the-great-barrier-reef\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"It&#039;s Stressful Being a Coral! Declining Coral Cover on the Great Barrier Reef - Exeter Marine\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Author: Jennifer McWhorter Jennifer McWhorter is pursuing her PhD in a joint program between the Universities of Exeter and Queensland. 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