{"id":552,"date":"2017-02-03T15:45:27","date_gmt":"2017-02-03T15:45:27","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blogs.exeter.ac.uk\/medievalstudies\/?p=552"},"modified":"2024-08-03T14:43:51","modified_gmt":"2024-08-03T14:43:51","slug":"anarchy-in-the-uk","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sites.exeter.ac.uk\/medievalstudies\/2017\/02\/03\/anarchy-in-the-uk\/","title":{"rendered":"Anarchy in the UK?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

I\u2019m delighted to see the fruits of a recent Exeter-based archaeological research project on the conflict landscapes of the 12th century published in book form. The co-written title Anarchy: War and Status in 12th-century Landscapes of Conflict<\/em><\/a>, a volume of synthesis which is the principal output from the project, has just been published by Liverpool University Press, and a more specialist volume on archaeological surveys carried out during the fieldwork phase of the work is available through Archaeopress<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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On the one hand it is a time to breathe a sigh of relief to see volumes that have seen such an investment of energy finally \u2018out\u2019. But the moment when fresh copies of your own books arrive on your desk it is also a time when a researcher will also reflect on the reasons for carrying out the work in the first place, ponder areas where the work headed off in directions that you didn\u2019t quite anticipate, and think about future plans\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this case, the research root of the work was an AHRC-funded project on the historic town and castle of Wallingford<\/a>, which I had the pleasure to run with colleagues at the Universities of Leicester and Oxford, in partnership with local groups. While the main focus of this project was the evolution of a townscape from the late Saxon through to the post-medieval period, as the work developed we became increasingly aware of the place\u2019s pivotal role in the civil war of King Stephen\u2019s reign, in the 1130s, 40s and 50s. The place was the Angevins\u2019 flagship castle for much of this infamously bitter conflict and resisted three protracted sieges, making it the most besieged place in England at the time. But relating the colourful accounts of these complex actions by chroniclers, involving numerous sieges, counter-sieges, raids and armed clashes, to the actual landscape of the town and its surroundings proved immensely challenging \u2014 no more so than in trying to locate the many \u2018lost\u2019 siege castles built around the town between 1139 and 1153.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\"image
Reconstruction of Wallingford under siege in the mid-12th century. The site in the foreground is a reconstruction of one of King Stephen\u2019s siege castles. Artwork by Richard Parker.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

My deepening curiosity about what archaeology could (and could not) tell us about this bleak but fascinating period and its \u2018real\u2019 impact on society and landscape led me to develop a project that would aim to marshal and interrogate the full range of available archaeological evidence, and conduct fresh fieldwork to explore on a range of sites. In terms of historical work on Stephen\u2019s, there of course exists a vast historiography, with a raft of key volumes written and edited by towering figures of medieval history. In contrast, precious little had been written of the period\u2019s archaeology.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

With funding from the Leverhulme Trust, to whom we are hugely grateful, the two-year project saw a research team working in archives, record offices and of course in the field, where we carried out new surveys of a selection of sites \u2014 primarily castles, siege castles and settlements \u2014 across England.\u00a0 A characterising feature of the work was the way we investigated this conflict\u2019s archaeology at a series of different scales \u2014 from analyses of individual artefacts (such as weaponry and dress accessories) to the physical remains of fortifications and their landscape settings, and through plotting datasets at regional and national scales, including the coinage, which tells us so much about shifting patterns of royal control.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
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The blogger helping conduct a geophysical survey of a siege castle at Corfe, Dorset.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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Map of devastated zones in the conflict of Stephen\u2019s reign, based on a database of twelfth-century chronicles.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

In terms of the big question for historians \u2014 whether we genuinely see \u2018anarchy\u2019 in mid-12th-century England, or whether revisionist views that downplay the levels of chaos and violence are vindicated \u2014 what did our work show? Anarchy in the UK or business as usual? Is it playing safe to say that the material evidence of archaeology shows a bit of both? On the one hand, everyday material culture, such as pottery for example, shows precious little evidence for any Anarchy-period \u2018event horizon\u2019 in the archaeological record, and there are signs that in certain spheres, such as sculpture for example, this was a period of experimentation and investment in the arts. On the other hand, our mapping of conflict events and, for example, coin hoards (which can be argued to provide an index of insecurity) show that in those areas of the country where it was focused, the conflict hit the landscape hard. The fortification of churches and even cathedrals (Hereford\u2019s had catapults positioned on its tower!) was just one indication of how the rules of war were being stretched. The focus of conflict in the Thames Valley and Wessex also shows that this was not a struggle over peripheral or separatist regions, but for the very heartland of English kingship. But the area of life brought into the sharpest focus by the archaeology is the rise to prominence of local lords and of the seigneurial image \u2014not just through castle-building, but through investment in sculpture within parish churches and through an unprecedented boom in monastic foundation, for example. As local lords made their mark on local landscapes, this was unmistakably a period of image-making as well as war-mongering.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
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Part of a frieze on the west front of Lincoln cathedral dating to the 1140s. The scene on the right represents the \u2018Harrowing of Hell\u2019, with Christ releasing souls from the mouth of hell while standing on the devil. An appropriate image for the mid-12th-century Zeitgeist?<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

I\u2019m delighted to see the fruits of a recent Exeter-based archaeological research project on the conflict landscapes of the 12th century published in book form. The co-written title Anarchy: War and Status in 12th-century Landscapes of Conflict, a volume of synthesis which is the principal output from the project, has just been published by Liverpool […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1285,"featured_media":556,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[5,11],"tags":[61,73,117],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nAnarchy in the UK? - Exeter Medieval Studies Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/sites.exeter.ac.uk\/medievalstudies\/2017\/02\/03\/anarchy-in-the-uk\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Anarchy in the UK? - Exeter Medieval Studies Blog\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"I\u2019m delighted to see the fruits of a recent Exeter-based archaeological research project on the conflict landscapes of the 12th century published in book form. 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