{"id":1871,"date":"2023-09-06T13:34:48","date_gmt":"2023-09-06T12:34:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.exeter.ac.uk\/tedfeldpausch\/?p=1871"},"modified":"2023-09-18T19:03:21","modified_gmt":"2023-09-18T19:03:21","slug":"r-30-43342","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sites.exeter.ac.uk\/ted-feldpausch\/2023\/09\/06\/r-30-43342\/","title":{"rendered":"Extreme El Ni\u00f1o weather saw South America\u2019s forest carbon sink switch off"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Tropical forests in South America lose their ability to absorb carbon from the atmosphere when conditions become exceptionally hot and dry,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41558-023-01776-4\">according to new research<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>For a long time, tropical forests have acted as a carbon sink, taking more carbon out of the air than they release into it, a process that has moderated the impact of climate change.<\/p>\n<p>But research led by Dr Amy Bennett, a Research Fellow at the University of Leeds, found that in 2015-16, when an El Ni\u00f1o climate event resulted in drought and the hottest temperatures ever recorded, South American forests were unable to function as a carbon sink.<\/p>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<p>El Ni\u00f1o occurs when sea-surface temperatures in the Pacific Ocean increase sharply, triggering a major shift in the world\u2019s climate system. In 2015-16, the result was exceptionally hot weather for South America. A similar event is under way now.<\/p>\n<p>Dr Bennett, from the School of Geography at Leeds, said: \u201cTropical forests in the Amazon have played a key role in slowing the build-up of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cScientists have known that the trees in the Amazon are sensitive to changes in temperature and water availability, but we do not know how individual forests could be changed by future climate change.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cInvestigating what happened in the Amazon during this huge El Ni\u00f1o event gave us a window into the future by showing how unprecedented hot and dry weather impacts forests.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>The researchers today report their findings in the journal\u00a0<em>Nature Climate Change<\/em>. The study united the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/rainfor.org\/en\/\">RAINFOR<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/biologiadaconservacao.com.br\/ppbio\">PPBio<\/a>\u00a0research networks, with dozens of short-term grants enabling more than 100 scientists to measure forests for decades across 123 experimental plots.<\/p>\n<p>The plots span Amazon and Atlantic forests as well as drier forests in tropical South America.<\/p>\n<p>These direct, tree-by-tree records showed that most forests had acted as a carbon sink for most of the last 30 years, with tree growth exceeding mortality. When the 2015-16 El Ni\u00f1o hit, the sink shut down. This was because tree death increased with the heat and drought.<\/p>\n<p>Professor Beatriz Marimon, of Brazil\u2019s Mato Grosso State University, said: \u201cHere in the southeastern Amazon on the edge of the rainforest, the trees may have now switched from storing carbon to emitting it. While tree growth rates resisted the higher temperatures, tree mortality jumped when this climate extreme hit.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><strong>Study\u2019s findings<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Of the 123 plots studied, 119 of them experienced an average monthly temperature increase of 0.5 degrees Celsius. 99 of the plots also suffered water deficits. Where it was hotter, it was also drier.<\/p>\n<p>Prior to El Ni\u00f1o, the researchers calculated that the plots were storing and sequestering around one third of a tonne of carbon per hectare per year. This declined to zero with the hotter and drier El Ni\u00f1o conditions.<\/p>\n<p>The change was due to biomass being lost through the death of trees.<\/p>\n<p>Writing in the paper, the researchers noted that the greatest relative impact of the El Ni\u00f1o event were in forests where the long-term climate was already relatively dry.<\/p>\n<p>The expectation was that wetter forests would be most vulnerable to the extreme drier weather, as they would be least adapted to such conditions.<\/p>\n<p>However, the opposite was the case. Instead, those forests more used to a drier climate at the dry periphery of the tropical forest biome turned out to be most vulnerable to drought.<\/p>\n<p>This suggested some trees were already operating at the limits of tolerable conditions.<\/p>\n<p>Ted Feldpausch, professor of tropical ecology and global change at the University of Exeter, said: \u201cWe have been tracking how trees in Amazonia respond to drought over the past few decades and for each major drought, such as those in 2005 and 2010, we find that the severe water deficits shut down the carbon sink in above-ground vegetation.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThis stops the forest\u2019s capacity to remove CO2 from the atmosphere and slow climate warming.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cWhile the most recent El Ni\u00f1o 2015-16 drought was the hottest recorded, the impact on forests was not worse than prior drought events.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cNot all forests in Amazonia responded in the same way. For example, the forests that normally have drier conditions, those that could be expected to have strong drought tolerance, were most negatively affected by this El Ni\u00f1o.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThose drier forests face multiple challenges\u2014they are also often highly degraded and fragmented, which opens the canopy and causes them to be drier and at greater risk of fire, and which can lead to additional carbon emissions.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Two reports are published in\u00a0<em>Nature Climate Change<\/em> related to this research:<\/p>\n<p>Scientific paper:<\/p>\n<p>Bennett AC, Rodrigues De Sousa T, Monteagudo-Mendoza A, <i>et al.<\/i> 2023. Sensitivity of South American tropical forests to an extreme climate anomaly. <i>Nat Clim Chang<\/i> <b>13<\/b>: 967\u201374. https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41558-023-01776-4<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: initial;font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif\">Research Brief:<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\">\n<div class=\"csl-entry\">Bennett A. 2023. Impact of the 2015\u20132016 El Ni\u00f1o on the carbon dynamics of South American tropical forests. <i>Nat Clim Chang<\/i> <b>13<\/b>: 905\u20136.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Tropical forests in South America lose their ability to absorb carbon from the atmosphere when conditions become exceptionally hot and dry,\u00a0according to new research. For a long time, tropical forests have acted as a carbon sink, taking more carbon out of the air than they release into it, a process that has moderated the impact [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":999,"featured_media":1873,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[5,15,17,19,23,27,83,1],"tags":[],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v23.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Extreme El Ni\u00f1o weather saw South America\u2019s forest carbon sink switch off - Ted Feldpausch Research Group<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/sites.exeter.ac.uk\/ted-feldpausch\/2023\/09\/06\/r-30-43342\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Extreme El Ni\u00f1o weather saw South America\u2019s forest carbon sink switch off - Ted Feldpausch Research Group\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Tropical forests in South America lose their ability to absorb carbon from the atmosphere when conditions become exceptionally hot and dry,\u00a0according to new research. For a long time, tropical forests have acted as a carbon sink, taking more carbon out of the air than they release into it, a process that has moderated the impact [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/sites.exeter.ac.uk\/ted-feldpausch\/2023\/09\/06\/r-30-43342\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Ted Feldpausch Research Group\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2023-09-06T12:34:48+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2023-09-18T19:03:21+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/sites.exeter.ac.uk\/ted-feldpausch\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/257\/2023\/09\/Forest.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1920\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1032\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Ted Feldpausch\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Ted Feldpausch\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"4 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/sites.exeter.ac.uk\/ted-feldpausch\/2023\/09\/06\/r-30-43342\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/sites.exeter.ac.uk\/ted-feldpausch\/2023\/09\/06\/r-30-43342\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Ted Feldpausch\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/sites.exeter.ac.uk\/ted-feldpausch\/#\/schema\/person\/24b1532c6a55065974e5ca93e29363d8\"},\"headline\":\"Extreme El Ni\u00f1o weather saw South America\u2019s forest carbon sink switch off\",\"datePublished\":\"2023-09-06T12:34:48+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2023-09-18T19:03:21+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/sites.exeter.ac.uk\/ted-feldpausch\/2023\/09\/06\/r-30-43342\/\"},\"wordCount\":829,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/sites.exeter.ac.uk\/ted-feldpausch\/#\/schema\/person\/24b1532c6a55065974e5ca93e29363d8\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/sites.exeter.ac.uk\/ted-feldpausch\/2023\/09\/06\/r-30-43342\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/sites.exeter.ac.uk\/ted-feldpausch\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/257\/2023\/09\/Forest.jpg\",\"articleSection\":[\"Amazonia\",\"Carbon sequestration\",\"Carbon storage\",\"Climate change\",\"Drought\",\"El Ni\u00f1o\",\"Tropical forest\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/sites.exeter.ac.uk\/ted-feldpausch\/2023\/09\/06\/r-30-43342\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/sites.exeter.ac.uk\/ted-feldpausch\/2023\/09\/06\/r-30-43342\/\",\"name\":\"Extreme El Ni\u00f1o weather saw South America\u2019s forest carbon sink switch off - 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