{"id":997,"date":"2020-06-15T11:08:09","date_gmt":"2020-06-15T10:08:09","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/sites.exeter.ac.uk\/tedfeldpausch\/?p=997"},"modified":"2023-09-18T19:17:58","modified_gmt":"2023-09-18T19:17:58","slug":"innovation-by-ancient-farmers-adds-to-biodiversity-of-the-amazon","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sites.exeter.ac.uk\/ted-feldpausch\/2020\/06\/15\/innovation-by-ancient-farmers-adds-to-biodiversity-of-the-amazon\/","title":{"rendered":"Innovation by ancient farmers adds to biodiversity of the Amazon"},"content":{"rendered":"

Innovation by ancient farmers to improve soil fertility continue to have an impact on the biodiversity of the Amazon, a major new study shows.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Early inhabitants fertilized the soil with charcoal from fire remains and food waste. Areas with this \u201cdark earth\u201d have a different set of species than the surrounding landscape, contributing to a more diverse ecosystem with a richer collection of plant species, researchers from the State University of Mato Grosso in Brazil and the University of Exeter have found.<\/p>\n

The legacy of this land management thousands of years ago means there are thousands of these patches of dark earth dotted around the region, most around the size of a small field. This is the first study to measure the difference in vegetation in dark and non-dark earth areas in mature forests across a region spanning a thousand kilometers.<\/p>\n

The team of ecologists and archaeologists studied abandoned areas along the main stem of the Amazon River near Tapaj\u00f3s and in the headwaters of the Xingu River Basin in southern Amazonia.<\/p>\n

Lead author Dr Edmar Almeida de Oliveira  said: \u201cThis is an area where dark earth lush forests grow, with colossal trees of different species from the surrounding forest, with more edible fruit trees, such as tapereb\u00e1<\/em> and jatob\u00e1<\/em>.\u201d<\/p>\n

The number of indigenous communities living in the Amazon collapsed following European colonization of the region, meaning many dark earth areas were abandoned.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Figure 1: Dr Edmar Oliveira from the State University of Mato Grosso, as part of his PhD work, and researchers from the University of Exeter study vegetation and Terra Preta<\/em> (Amazonian Dark Earth soils) and vegetation in areas historically used by Amazonian native Americans.<\/span><\/p>\n

The study, published in the journal Global Ecology and Biogeography<\/em>, reveals for the first time the extent to which pre-Columbian Amerindians influenced the current structure and diversity of the Amazon forest of the areas they once farmed.<\/p>\n

Researchers sampled around 4,000 trees in southern and eastern Amazonia. Areas with dark earth had a significantly higher pH and more nutrients that improved soil fertility. Pottery shards and other artefacts were also found in the rich dark soils.<\/p>\n

Professor Ben Hur Marimon Junior, from the State University of Mato Grosso, said: \u201cPre-Columbian indigenous people, who fertilized the poor soils of the Amazon for at least 5,000 years, have left an impressive legacy, creating the dark earth, or Terras Pretas de \u00cdndio<\/em>\u201d<\/p>\n

Professor Jos\u00e9 Iriarte, an archaeologist from the University of Exeter, said: \u201cBy creating dark earth early inhabitants of the Amazon were able to successfully cultivate the soil for thousands of years in an agroforestry system<\/p>\n

\u201cWe think ancient communities used dark earth areas to grow crops to eat, and adjacent forests without dark earth for agroforestry.\u201d<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Figure 2: Plot locations in forests in southern Amazonia represented by the state of Mato Grosso (MT) and eastern Amazonia represented by the state of Par\u00e1 (PA), Brazil. The black line in the inset indicates the boundaries of Brazilian states. The areas in Par\u00e1 overlap and, due to their proximity, they are represented as a single dot. Archaeological sites \u2010 ADE (Amazonian Dark Earth) data sourced from the National Register of Archaeological Sites (CNSA) (IPHAN, 2018<\/a><\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Dr Ted Feldpausch, from the University of Exeter, who co-authored the study with Dr Luiz Arag\u00e3o from the National Institute for Space Research (INPE) in Brazil, said: \u201cAfter being abandoned for hundreds of years, we still find a fingerprint of the ancient land-use in the forests today as a legacy of the pre-Colombian Amazonian population estimated in millions of inhabitants.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe are currently expanding this research across the whole Amazon Basin under a project funded by the UK Natural Environment Research Council<\/a> (NERC) to evaluate whether historical fire also affected the forest areas distant from the anthropogenic dark earths\u201d.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Figure 3: Researchers in Brazil conduct a census of tree diversity in forests growing on Amazonian Dark Earth soils and non-Dark Earth soils and found significant differences in forest composition. A large number of useful and edible species were found. <\/span><\/p>\n

Many areas with dark earth are currently cultivated by local and indigenous populations, who have had great success with their food crops. But most are still hidden in the native forest, contributing to increased tree size, carbon stock and regional biodiversity. For this reason, the lush forests of the \u201cTerra Preta de \u00cdndio<\/em>\u201d and their biological and cultural wealth in the Amazon must be preserved as a legacy for future generations, the researchers have said. Areas with dark earth are under threat due to illegal deforestation and fire.<\/p>\n

\u201cDark earth increases the richness of species, an important consideration for regional biodiversity conservation. These findings highlight the small\u2010scale long\u2010term legacy of pre\u2010Columbian inhabitants on the soils and vegetation of Amazonia,\u201d said co-author Prof Beatriz Marimon, from the State University of Mato Grosso.<\/p>\n

The research was published today in Global Ecology and Biogeography:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. A. de Oliveira et al.<\/em>, Legacy of Amazonian Dark Earth soils on forest structure and species composition. 2020. Global Ecology and Biogeography. <\/em>https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/geb.13116<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Text and images by Ted Feldpausch, Ben Hur Marimon, Edmar Oliveira, Beatriz Marimon, and Jose Iriarte<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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