Posted by Ted Feldpausch
17 May 2021In our recent work studying the impact of record heat and drought on intact African tropical rainforests there was surprising resilience to the extreme conditions during the last major 2015/2016 El Niño event. The international study, reported in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, found that intact rainforests across tropical Africa continued to remove carbon from the atmosphere before and during the 2015-2016 El Niño, despite the extreme heat and drought.
Tracking trees in 100 different tropical rainforests across six African countries, we found that intact forests across the continent still removed 1.1 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide per year from the atmosphere during the El Niño monitoring period. This rate is equivalent to three times the carbon dioxide emissions of the UK in 2019.
During 2015-2016 African rainforests experienced warming of 0.92 degrees Celsius above the 1980-2010 average, and the strongest drought on record, both driven by the El Niño conditions on top of ongoing climate change. This event gave the scientists a unique opportunity to investigate how Africa’s vast tropical rainforests could react to heat and drought.
Lead author Dr Amy Bennett, in Leeds’ School of Geography, said: “We saw no sharp slowdown of tree growth, nor a big rise in tree deaths, as a result of the extreme climatic conditions. Overall, the uptake of carbon dioxide by these intact rainforests reduced by 36%, but they continued to function as a carbon sink, slowing the rate of climate change.”
Co-author Dr Ted Feldpausch, Associate Professor in the Global Systems Institute at the University of Exeter, said, “These results from forests in Africa sharply contrast with how forests in South America have responded to past severe droughts. In work I led looking at the effect of previous severe droughts in Amazonia in 2005 and 2010, we found that Amazonian forests had lower growth and went from being a carbon sink to stop gaining carbon. Considering the major role tropical forests play in the global carbon cycle, it is encouraging to see that African rainforests responded differently and remained a carbon sink despite the higher temperatures and lower precipitation. That brings us to the next important question: why were African forests less affected and what are their limits under climate change? To answer that, we’ll need more work, more long-term measurements, and a greater understanding of the combination of climate and environmental factors that ultimately lead to trees dying.”
Figure 1: Carbon (A) and stem dynamics (B) as net change, gains, and losses, for pre-El Niño and during the 2015–2016 El Niño (lighter and darker shading, respectively) for 100 long-term forest plots (mean and 95% CI). Significant differences are defined by paired t tests. *P ≤ 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001.
Tree measurements in long-term inventory plots in intact forest — unaffected by logging or fire — were completed just before the 2015-2016 El Niño struck. Emergency re-measurements of 46,000 trees across 100 of the plots in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gabon, Cameroon, Ghana, Liberia and the Republic of the Congo then allowed the researchers the first ever opportunity to directly investigate how African tropical forests would react to the hotter, drier conditions.
Senior author Professor Simon Lewis, in Leeds’ School of Geography, who led the development of the Africa-wide network of forest observations, said: “Scrambling field-teams to get to our remote rainforest sites was worth all the difficulties we faced. This is the first on-the-ground evidence of what happens when you heat and drought an intact African rainforest. What we found surprised me. “African rainforests appear more resistant to some additional warming and drought compared to rainforests in Amazonia and Borneo.”
Figure 2: Forest ecologists doing research in a rainforest in Cameroon. Photo credit: Ted R. Feldpausch
African rainforests exist in relatively dry conditions compared to those across much of Amazonia and Southeast Asia. The researchers wanted to establish whether this made them particularly vulnerable to extreme climatic conditions, or if the abundance of drought-adapted tree species occurring in African forests meant that they were less vulnerable to additional warmth and drought.
The results showed that the biggest trees in the forest were largely unaffected, whereas the smaller trees grew less and died more during El Niño, potentially due to having less access to water than the larger trees.
Yet these negative effects had only modest impacts. African rainforests continued to function as a carbon sink, as the changes in the smaller trees were too small to stop the long-term increase in overall tree biomass seen in these forests over the last three decades.
Professor Lewis said: “These findings show the value of careful long-term monitoring of tropical forests. The baseline data running back to the 1980s allowed us to evaluate how well these rainforests coped with record heat and drought.”
Co-author Professor Bonaventure Sonké, from University of Yaoundé I (CORRECT) in Cameroon said, “Our results highlight just how important it is to protect African rainforests – they are providing valuable services to us all. The resistance of intact African tropical forests to a bit more heat and drought than they have experienced in the past is welcome news. But we still need to cut carbon dioxide emissions fast, as our forests will probably only resist limited further rises in air temperature.”
Dr Bennett added: “African tropical forests play an important role in the global carbon cycle, absorbing 1.7 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere each year in the 2000s. To discover that they will be able to tolerate the predicted conditions of the near future is an unusual source of optimism in climate change science.
“Our results provide a further incentive to keep global temperature increases to 1.5 degrees Celsius, as outlined in the Paris Agreement, as these forests look to be able to withstand limited increases in temperature and drought.”
Notes:
The 2015-2016 El Niño southern oscillation (ENSO) caused record rainfall, cyclones, droughts and raised temperatures globally.
ENSO is a recurring phenomenon caused by a rise in the temperature of the Pacific Ocean, which impacts the atmosphere and affects the climate around the world. There have been three major ENSO events in the past 50 years, 2015-2016, 1997-1998, and 1982-1983.
Most datasets show 2016 and 2020 as joint record holders for global temperature. https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/2020-tied-for-warmest-year-on-record-nasa-analysis-shows
In the paper the carbon sink is reported in units of billion tonnes of carbon, because trees store carbon (1 billion tonnes C = 1 Pg C). To convert carbon sequestered in trees to carbon dioxide removed from the atmosphere, multiply by 3.667. The overall sink during the El Niño is 0.29 Pg C per year, equivalent to 1.1 billion tonnes carbon dioxide per year.
The forest inventory data part of the African Topical Rainforest Observatory Network, covering 13 countries in Africa, www.afritron.org. The data is curated at www.forestplots.net.
The research was funded by the Natural Environment Research Council and the European Research Council.
Header photo: Forest ecologists evaluating forest growth in a rainforest in Ghana. Photo credit: Ted R. Feldpausch